---
_id: '7037'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: 'The development of resource-efficient products based on a comprehensive assessment
    of the R-principles is becoming increasingly important in the context of the Eco-Design
    Regulation. However, there is no basis for assessing c-Si photovoltaic modules
    in the context of REpair, REfurbish, and REmanufacture. The aim of this study
    is therefore to create an assessment basis including a definition framework and
    a selection of priority parts. The results are a basic functional and structural
    analysis, an initial catalog of criteria for a semi-quantitative assessment method,
    and a weighting of priority parts. It becomes clear that individual cells and
    connection components are particularly relevant for REpair and REfurbish. For
    REmanufacture, attention should be paid to the entirety of the cells, the frame,
    and the glass. Overall, a method is created that, in application, lays the foundation
    for a sustainable product design of photovoltaic modules improved for the circular
    economy and can be further optimized.              '
article_number: '5612'
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Anna Katharina
  full_name: Schnatmann, Anna Katharina
  id: '233154'
  last_name: Schnatmann
- first_name: Heike
  full_name: Wulf, Heike
  last_name: Wulf
- first_name: Fabian
  full_name: Schoden, Fabian
  id: '210954'
  last_name: Schoden
  orcid: 0000-0002-2481-7141
  orcid_put_code_url: https://api.orcid.org/v2.0/0000-0002-2481-7141/work/219771886
- first_name: Eva
  full_name: Schwenzfeier-Hellkamp, Eva
  id: '72528'
  last_name: Schwenzfeier-Hellkamp
  orcid: 0000-0002-3020-1343
  orcid_put_code_url: https://api.orcid.org/v2.0/0000-0002-3020-1343/work/219771887
citation:
  alphadin: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Schnatmann, Anna Katharina</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Wulf, Heike</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Schoden,
    Fabian</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Schwenzfeier-Hellkamp,
    Eva</span>: REpair-, REfurbish- and REmanufacture-Ability Assessment of c-Si PV
    Modules—Method Development. In: <i>Sustainability</i> Bd. 18, MDPI AG (2026),
    Nr. 11'
  ama: Schnatmann AK, Wulf H, Schoden F, Schwenzfeier-Hellkamp E. REpair-, REfurbish-
    and REmanufacture-Ability Assessment of c-Si PV Modules—Method Development. <i>Sustainability</i>.
    2026;18(11). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su18115612">10.3390/su18115612</a>
  apa: Schnatmann, A. K., Wulf, H., Schoden, F., &#38; Schwenzfeier-Hellkamp, E. (2026).
    REpair-, REfurbish- and REmanufacture-Ability Assessment of c-Si PV Modules—Method
    Development. <i>Sustainability</i>, <i>18</i>(11). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su18115612">https://doi.org/10.3390/su18115612</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Schnatmann_Wulf_Schoden_Schwenzfeier-Hellkamp_2026, title={REpair-,
    REfurbish- and REmanufacture-Ability Assessment of c-Si PV Modules—Method Development},
    volume={18}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su18115612">10.3390/su18115612</a>},
    number={115612}, journal={Sustainability}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Schnatmann,
    Anna Katharina and Wulf, Heike and Schoden, Fabian and Schwenzfeier-Hellkamp,
    Eva}, year={2026} }'
  chicago: Schnatmann, Anna Katharina, Heike Wulf, Fabian Schoden, and Eva Schwenzfeier-Hellkamp.
    “REpair-, REfurbish- and REmanufacture-Ability Assessment of c-Si PV Modules—Method
    Development.” <i>Sustainability</i> 18, no. 11 (2026). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su18115612">https://doi.org/10.3390/su18115612</a>.
  ieee: A. K. Schnatmann, H. Wulf, F. Schoden, and E. Schwenzfeier-Hellkamp, “REpair-,
    REfurbish- and REmanufacture-Ability Assessment of c-Si PV Modules—Method Development,”
    <i>Sustainability</i>, vol. 18, no. 11, 2026.
  mla: Schnatmann, Anna Katharina, et al. “REpair-, REfurbish- and REmanufacture-Ability
    Assessment of c-Si PV Modules—Method Development.” <i>Sustainability</i>, vol.
    18, no. 11, 5612, MDPI AG, 2026, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su18115612">10.3390/su18115612</a>.
  short: A.K. Schnatmann, H. Wulf, F. Schoden, E. Schwenzfeier-Hellkamp, Sustainability
    18 (2026).
date_created: 2026-07-06T09:22:07Z
date_updated: 2026-07-07T05:52:44Z
department:
- _id: '103'
doi: 10.3390/su18115612
intvolume: '        18'
issue: '11'
keyword:
- assessment method
- circular economy
- c-Si photovoltaics
- refurbish
- remanufacture
- repair
- R-principles
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/18/11/5612
oa: '1'
project:
- _id: 0ec202b7-cd76-11ed-89f4-a9e1a6dbdaa7
  name: Institut für Technische Energie-Systeme
publication: Sustainability
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 2071-1050
publication_status: published
publisher: MDPI AG
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: REpair-, REfurbish- and REmanufacture-Ability Assessment of c-Si PV Modules—Method
  Development
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: '220548'
volume: 18
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '4944'
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Pia
  full_name: Steinmetz, Pia
  last_name: Steinmetz
- first_name: Leon
  full_name: Diel, Leon
  id: '235442'
  last_name: Diel
  orcid: 0009-0003-1457-6377
  orcid_put_code_url: https://api.orcid.org/v2.0/0009-0003-1457-6377/work/219577194
- first_name: Sabrina
  full_name: Gehrmann, Sabrina
  last_name: Gehrmann
- first_name: Daniel
  full_name: Knehans, Daniel
  last_name: Knehans
- first_name: Gianaldo
  full_name: Primandaru, Gianaldo
  last_name: Primandaru
- first_name: Ewin
  full_name: Tanzli, Ewin
  last_name: Tanzli
- first_name: Bennet
  full_name: Brockhagen, Bennet
  id: '237316'
  last_name: Brockhagen
- first_name: Andrea
  full_name: Ehrmann, Andrea
  id: '223776'
  last_name: Ehrmann
  orcid: 0000-0003-0695-3905
  orcid_put_code_url: https://api.orcid.org/v2.0/0000-0003-0695-3905/work/167683822
citation:
  alphadin: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Steinmetz, Pia</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Diel, Leon</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Gehrmann,
    Sabrina</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Knehans, Daniel</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Primandaru, Gianaldo</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Tanzli,
    Ewin</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Brockhagen, Bennet</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ehrmann, Andrea</span>: Growth of the
    green microalga Chlorella vulgaris outside a cultivation medium. In: <i>JoMaC
    - International Journal of Mechanics and Control</i> Bd. 25 (2024), Nr. 1, S. 53–57'
  ama: Steinmetz P, Diel L, Gehrmann S, et al. Growth of the green microalga Chlorella
    vulgaris outside a cultivation medium. <i>JoMaC - International Journal of Mechanics
    and Control</i>. 2024;25(1):53-57. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.69076/jomac.2024.0008">10.69076/jomac.2024.0008</a>
  apa: Steinmetz, P., Diel, L., Gehrmann, S., Knehans, D., Primandaru, G., Tanzli,
    E., … Ehrmann, A. (2024). Growth of the green microalga Chlorella vulgaris outside
    a cultivation medium. <i>JoMaC - International Journal of Mechanics and Control</i>,
    <i>25</i>(1), 53–57. <a href="https://doi.org/10.69076/jomac.2024.0008">https://doi.org/10.69076/jomac.2024.0008</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Steinmetz_Diel_Gehrmann_Knehans_Primandaru_Tanzli_Brockhagen_Ehrmann_2024,
    title={Growth of the green microalga Chlorella vulgaris outside a cultivation
    medium}, volume={25}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.69076/jomac.2024.0008">10.69076/jomac.2024.0008</a>},
    number={1}, journal={JoMaC - International Journal of Mechanics and Control},
    author={Steinmetz, Pia and Diel, Leon and Gehrmann, Sabrina and Knehans, Daniel
    and Primandaru, Gianaldo and Tanzli, Ewin and Brockhagen, Bennet and Ehrmann,
    Andrea}, year={2024}, pages={53–57} }'
  chicago: 'Steinmetz, Pia, Leon Diel, Sabrina Gehrmann, Daniel Knehans, Gianaldo
    Primandaru, Ewin Tanzli, Bennet Brockhagen, and Andrea Ehrmann. “Growth of the
    Green Microalga Chlorella Vulgaris Outside a Cultivation Medium.” <i>JoMaC - International
    Journal of Mechanics and Control</i> 25, no. 1 (2024): 53–57. <a href="https://doi.org/10.69076/jomac.2024.0008">https://doi.org/10.69076/jomac.2024.0008</a>.'
  ieee: P. Steinmetz <i>et al.</i>, “Growth of the green microalga Chlorella vulgaris
    outside a cultivation medium,” <i>JoMaC - International Journal of Mechanics and
    Control</i>, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 53–57, 2024.
  mla: Steinmetz, Pia, et al. “Growth of the Green Microalga Chlorella Vulgaris Outside
    a Cultivation Medium.” <i>JoMaC - International Journal of Mechanics and Control</i>,
    vol. 25, no. 1, 2024, pp. 53–57, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.69076/jomac.2024.0008">10.69076/jomac.2024.0008</a>.
  short: P. Steinmetz, L. Diel, S. Gehrmann, D. Knehans, G. Primandaru, E. Tanzli,
    B. Brockhagen, A. Ehrmann, JoMaC - International Journal of Mechanics and Control
    25 (2024) 53–57.
date_created: 2024-09-17T17:48:57Z
date_updated: 2026-07-03T13:59:06Z
doi: 10.69076/jomac.2024.0008
intvolume: '        25'
issue: '1'
keyword:
- microalgae
- C. vulgaris
- knitted fabric
- textile substrate
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- url: https://doi.org/10.69076/jomac.2024.0008
page: 53-57
project:
- _id: 0ec202b7-cd76-11ed-89f4-a9e1a6dbdaa7
  name: Institut für Technische Energie-Systeme
publication: JoMaC - International Journal of Mechanics and Control
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 1590-8844
publication_status: published
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Growth of the green microalga Chlorella vulgaris outside a cultivation medium
type: journal_article
user_id: '256529'
volume: 25
year: '2024'
...
---
_id: '1523'
author:
- first_name: Vitalij
  full_name: Ruge, Vitalij
  last_name: Ruge
- first_name: Willi
  full_name: Braun, Willi
  last_name: Braun
- first_name: Bernhard
  full_name: Bachmann, Bernhard
  id: '33931'
  last_name: Bachmann
  orcid: 0000-0002-4339-0438
  orcid_put_code_url: https://api.orcid.org/v2.0/0000-0002-4339-0438/work/102900205
- first_name: Andrea
  full_name: Walther, Andrea
  last_name: Walther
- first_name: Kshitij
  full_name: Kulshreshtha, Kshitij
  last_name: Kulshreshtha
citation:
  alphadin: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ruge, Vitalij</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Braun,
    Willi</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Bachmann, Bernhard</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Walther, Andrea</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Kulshreshtha,
    Kshitij</span>: Efficient Implementation of Collocation Methods for Optimization
    using OpenModelica and ADOL-C. In: <i>Proceedings of the 10th International Modelica
    Conference, March 10-12, 2014, Lund, Sweden</i>, <i>Linköping Electronic Conference
    Proceedings</i>. Bd. 96 : Linköping University Electronic Press, 2014, S. 1017–1025'
  ama: 'Ruge V, Braun W, Bachmann B, Walther A, Kulshreshtha K. Efficient Implementation
    of Collocation Methods for Optimization using OpenModelica and ADOL-C. In: <i>Proceedings
    of the 10th International Modelica Conference, March 10-12, 2014, Lund, Sweden</i>.
    Vol 96. Linköping Electronic Conference Proceedings. Linköping University Electronic
    Press; 2014:1017-1025. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3384/ecp140961017">10.3384/ecp140961017</a>'
  apa: 'Ruge, V., Braun, W., Bachmann, B., Walther, A., &#38; Kulshreshtha, K. (2014).
    Efficient Implementation of Collocation Methods for Optimization using OpenModelica
    and ADOL-C. In <i>Proceedings of the 10th International Modelica Conference, March
    10-12, 2014, Lund, Sweden</i> (Vol. 96, pp. 1017–1025). Lund / Schweden: Linköping
    University Electronic Press. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3384/ecp140961017">https://doi.org/10.3384/ecp140961017</a>'
  bibtex: '@inproceedings{Ruge_Braun_Bachmann_Walther_Kulshreshtha_2014, series={Linköping
    Electronic Conference Proceedings}, title={Efficient Implementation of Collocation
    Methods for Optimization using OpenModelica and ADOL-C}, volume={96}, DOI={<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.3384/ecp140961017">10.3384/ecp140961017</a>}, booktitle={Proceedings
    of the 10th International Modelica Conference, March 10-12, 2014, Lund, Sweden},
    publisher={Linköping University Electronic Press}, author={Ruge, Vitalij and Braun,
    Willi and Bachmann, Bernhard and Walther, Andrea and Kulshreshtha, Kshitij}, year={2014},
    pages={1017–1025}, collection={Linköping Electronic Conference Proceedings} }'
  chicago: Ruge, Vitalij, Willi Braun, Bernhard Bachmann, Andrea Walther, and Kshitij
    Kulshreshtha. “Efficient Implementation of Collocation Methods for Optimization
    Using OpenModelica and ADOL-C.” In <i>Proceedings of the 10th International Modelica
    Conference, March 10-12, 2014, Lund, Sweden</i>, 96:1017–25. Linköping Electronic
    Conference Proceedings. Linköping University Electronic Press, 2014. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3384/ecp140961017">https://doi.org/10.3384/ecp140961017</a>.
  ieee: V. Ruge, W. Braun, B. Bachmann, A. Walther, and K. Kulshreshtha, “Efficient
    Implementation of Collocation Methods for Optimization using OpenModelica and
    ADOL-C,” in <i>Proceedings of the 10th International Modelica Conference, March
    10-12, 2014, Lund, Sweden</i>, Lund / Schweden, 2014, vol. 96, pp. 1017–1025.
  mla: Ruge, Vitalij, et al. “Efficient Implementation of Collocation Methods for
    Optimization Using OpenModelica and ADOL-C.” <i>Proceedings of the 10th International
    Modelica Conference, March 10-12, 2014, Lund, Sweden</i>, vol. 96, Linköping University
    Electronic Press, 2014, pp. 1017–25, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3384/ecp140961017">10.3384/ecp140961017</a>.
  short: 'V. Ruge, W. Braun, B. Bachmann, A. Walther, K. Kulshreshtha, in: Proceedings
    of the 10th International Modelica Conference, March 10-12, 2014, Lund, Sweden,
    Linköping University Electronic Press, 2014, pp. 1017–1025.'
conference:
  end_date: 2014-03-12
  location: Lund / Schweden
  name: ' 10th International Modelica Conference '
  start_date: 2014-03-10
date_created: 2021-11-09T14:46:39Z
date_updated: 2026-06-02T09:08:03Z
doi: 10.3384/ecp140961017
intvolume: '        96'
keyword:
- Modelica
- optimization
- automatic differentiation
- collocation
- OpenModelica
- ADOL-C
language:
- iso: eng
page: 1017-1025
publication: Proceedings of the 10th International Modelica Conference, March 10-12,
  2014, Lund, Sweden
publication_identifier:
  isbn:
  - 978-91-7519-380-9
publication_status: published
publisher: Linköping University Electronic Press
series_title: Linköping Electronic Conference Proceedings
status: public
title: Efficient Implementation of Collocation Methods for Optimization using OpenModelica
  and ADOL-C
type: conference
user_id: '33976'
volume: 96
year: '2014'
...