[{"date_updated":"2026-05-09T10:02:21Z","publisher":"MDPI AG","author":[{"first_name":"Tomasz","last_name":"Blachowicz","full_name":"Blachowicz, Tomasz"},{"last_name":"Ehrmann","full_name":"Ehrmann, Guido","first_name":"Guido"},{"id":"256452","first_name":"Elzbieta","full_name":"Stepula, Elzbieta","last_name":"Stepula"},{"orcid":"0000-0003-0695-3905","full_name":"Ehrmann, Andrea","last_name":"Ehrmann","first_name":"Andrea","id":"223776","orcid_put_code_url":"https://api.orcid.org/v2.0/0000-0003-0695-3905/work/214151803"}],"citation":{"chicago":"Blachowicz, Tomasz, Guido Ehrmann, Elzbieta Stepula, and Andrea Ehrmann. “Optical Biosensors—Principles of Operation and Applications.” <i>Micromachines</i> 17, no. 5 (2026). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/mi17050579\">https://doi.org/10.3390/mi17050579</a>.","short":"T. Blachowicz, G. Ehrmann, E. Stepula, A. Ehrmann, Micromachines 17 (2026).","mla":"Blachowicz, Tomasz, et al. “Optical Biosensors—Principles of Operation and Applications.” <i>Micromachines</i>, vol. 17, no. 5, 579, MDPI AG, 2026, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/mi17050579\">10.3390/mi17050579</a>.","ama":"Blachowicz T, Ehrmann G, Stepula E, Ehrmann A. Optical Biosensors—Principles of Operation and Applications. <i>Micromachines</i>. 2026;17(5). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/mi17050579\">10.3390/mi17050579</a>","ieee":"T. Blachowicz, G. Ehrmann, E. Stepula, and A. Ehrmann, “Optical Biosensors—Principles of Operation and Applications,” <i>Micromachines</i>, vol. 17, no. 5, 2026.","alphadin":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Blachowicz, Tomasz</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Ehrmann, Guido</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Stepula, Elzbieta</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Ehrmann, Andrea</span>: Optical Biosensors—Principles of Operation and Applications. In: <i>Micromachines</i> Bd. 17, MDPI AG (2026), Nr. 5","apa":"Blachowicz, T., Ehrmann, G., Stepula, E., &#38; Ehrmann, A. (2026). Optical Biosensors—Principles of Operation and Applications. <i>Micromachines</i>, <i>17</i>(5). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/mi17050579\">https://doi.org/10.3390/mi17050579</a>","bibtex":"@article{Blachowicz_Ehrmann_Stepula_Ehrmann_2026, title={Optical Biosensors—Principles of Operation and Applications}, volume={17}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/mi17050579\">10.3390/mi17050579</a>}, number={5579}, journal={Micromachines}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Blachowicz, Tomasz and Ehrmann, Guido and Stepula, Elzbieta and Ehrmann, Andrea}, year={2026} }"},"_id":"6896","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"article_type":"review","urn":"urn:nbn:de:hbz:bi10-68961","keyword":["portable biosensors","point-of-care diagnosis","optical sensors","microfluidics"],"issue":"5","publication_status":"published","has_accepted_license":"1","tmp":{"short":"CC BY (4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png"},"oa":"1","project":[{"name":"Institut für Technische Energie-Systeme","_id":"0ec202b7-cd76-11ed-89f4-a9e1a6dbdaa7"}],"doi":"10.3390/mi17050579","intvolume":"        17","status":"public","abstract":[{"text":"Biosensors have a recognition element that detects a bioanalyte as well as a transducer that transfers the measured physicochemical properties into an electric signal, which is amplified, processed, and depicted on a user interface and usually stored in a data storage system. Such biosensors can be used in a broad range of applications, from personalized medicine to drug discovery, and from food safety to plant disease diagnosis. Portable biosensors are often based on microfluidic systems or micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS), measuring physical or chemical parameters. In spite of their importance for diverse applications, there are still several limits regarding the portability of biosensors, which is often necessary. Besides the required miniaturization of the components and the limited lifetime of some biological reagents, sample preparation and handling can be problematic. This review gives an overview of recent biosensor research, concentrating on optical measurements, and shows the possibilities and limits of the biosensors developed during the last few years.","lang":"eng"}],"article_number":"579","year":"2026","date_created":"2026-05-09T10:02:15Z","title":"Optical Biosensors—Principles of Operation and Applications","file_date_updated":"2026-05-09T10:01:23Z","volume":17,"quality_controlled":"1","publication":"Micromachines","type":"journal_article","file":[{"file_name":"_2026_Blachowicz_Micromachines17_579.pdf","file_size":4327416,"content_type":"application/pdf","date_updated":"2026-05-09T10:01:23Z","success":1,"date_created":"2026-05-09T10:01:23Z","creator":"aehrmann","access_level":"open_access","relation":"main_file","file_id":"6897"}],"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2072-666X"]},"user_id":"223776"},{"user_id":"231260","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://mdpi-res.com/bookfiles/book/8445/3D_Printing_of_MEMS_Technology.pdf?v=1702887078","open_access":"1"}],"publication_identifier":{"isbn":["978-3-0365-9770-6"]},"type":"book_editor","oa":"1","tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by_nc_nd.png","short":"CC BY-NC-ND (4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode"},"publication_status":"published","keyword":["3D printed nanostructures and nano-composites for application in MEMS","Lab-on-a-chip devices","Microfluidics","Microelectronics","Micro-batteries and other energy storage devices","Micro- and nano-sensors and -actuators (physical","chemical","biological)","Challenges and possible solutions of using 3D printing technologies for MEMS","Similar approaches related to 3D printing of MEMS technology"],"quality_controlled":"1","title":" 3D Printing of MEMS Technology","date_created":"2023-12-14T14:52:39Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"year":"2023","editor":[{"last_name":"Ehrmann","full_name":"Ehrmann, Andrea","orcid":"0000-0003-0695-3905","id":"223776","first_name":"Andrea"}],"_id":"4016","status":"public","place":"Basel","citation":{"mla":"Ehrmann, Andrea, editor. <i> 3D Printing of MEMS Technology</i>. MDPI, 2023, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-0365-9771-3\">10.3390/books978-3-0365-9771-3</a>.","ama":"Ehrmann A, ed. <i> 3D Printing of MEMS Technology</i>. Basel: MDPI; 2023. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-0365-9771-3\">10.3390/books978-3-0365-9771-3</a>","short":"A. Ehrmann, ed.,  3D Printing of MEMS Technology, MDPI, Basel, 2023.","chicago":"Ehrmann, Andrea, ed. <i> 3D Printing of MEMS Technology</i>. Basel: MDPI, 2023. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-0365-9771-3\">https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-0365-9771-3</a>.","alphadin":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Ehrmann, A.</span> (Hrsg.): <i> 3D Printing of MEMS Technology</i>. Basel : MDPI, 2023","bibtex":"@book{Ehrmann_2023, place={Basel}, title={ 3D Printing of MEMS Technology}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-0365-9771-3\">10.3390/books978-3-0365-9771-3</a>}, publisher={MDPI}, year={2023} }","apa":"Ehrmann, A. (Ed.). (2023). <i> 3D Printing of MEMS Technology</i>. Basel: MDPI. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-0365-9771-3\">https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-0365-9771-3</a>","ieee":"A. Ehrmann, Ed., <i> 3D Printing of MEMS Technology</i>. Basel: MDPI, 2023."},"page":"194","publisher":"MDPI","date_updated":"2026-03-17T15:28:53Z","doi":"10.3390/books978-3-0365-9771-3"},{"article_number":"434","year":"2020","doi":"10.3390/mi11040434","intvolume":"        11","status":"public","publication":"Micromachines","user_id":"243110","type":"journal_article","file":[{"file_id":"659","relation":"main_file","access_level":"open_access","success":1,"date_updated":"2021-01-03T16:34:11Z","date_created":"2021-01-03T16:34:11Z","creator":"aehrmann","file_size":3080981,"file_name":"_2020_Blachowicz_Micromachines11_434_corr.pdf","content_type":"application/pdf"}],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["2072-666X"]},"volume":11,"date_created":"2021-01-03T16:34:38Z","file_date_updated":"2021-01-03T16:34:11Z","title":"3D Printed MEMS Technology—Recent Developments and Applications","funded_apc":"1","department":[{"_id":"103"}],"quality_controlled":"1","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"_id":"658","date_updated":"2026-03-17T15:29:32Z","citation":{"ieee":"T. Blachowicz and A. Ehrmann, “3D Printed MEMS Technology—Recent Developments and Applications,” <i>Micromachines</i>, vol. 11, no. 4, 2020.","alphadin":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Blachowicz, Tomasz</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Ehrmann, Andrea</span>: 3D Printed MEMS Technology—Recent Developments and Applications. In: <i>Micromachines</i> Bd. 11 (2020), Nr. 4","bibtex":"@article{Blachowicz_Ehrmann_2020, title={3D Printed MEMS Technology—Recent Developments and Applications}, volume={11}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/mi11040434\">10.3390/mi11040434</a>}, number={4434}, journal={Micromachines}, author={Blachowicz, Tomasz and Ehrmann, Andrea}, year={2020} }","apa":"Blachowicz, T., &#38; Ehrmann, A. (2020). 3D Printed MEMS Technology—Recent Developments and Applications. <i>Micromachines</i>, <i>11</i>(4). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/mi11040434\">https://doi.org/10.3390/mi11040434</a>","chicago":"Blachowicz, Tomasz, and Andrea Ehrmann. “3D Printed MEMS Technology—Recent Developments and Applications.” <i>Micromachines</i> 11, no. 4 (2020). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/mi11040434\">https://doi.org/10.3390/mi11040434</a>.","short":"T. Blachowicz, A. Ehrmann, Micromachines 11 (2020).","mla":"Blachowicz, Tomasz, and Andrea Ehrmann. “3D Printed MEMS Technology—Recent Developments and Applications.” <i>Micromachines</i>, vol. 11, no. 4, 434, 2020, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/mi11040434\">10.3390/mi11040434</a>.","ama":"Blachowicz T, Ehrmann A. 3D Printed MEMS Technology—Recent Developments and Applications. <i>Micromachines</i>. 2020;11(4). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/mi11040434\">10.3390/mi11040434</a>"},"author":[{"full_name":"Blachowicz, Tomasz","last_name":"Blachowicz","first_name":"Tomasz"},{"first_name":"Andrea","id":"223776","orcid_put_code_url":"https://api.orcid.org/v2.0/0000-0003-0695-3905/work/160647737","orcid":"0000-0003-0695-3905","full_name":"Ehrmann, Andrea","last_name":"Ehrmann"}],"urn":"urn:nbn:de:hbz:bi10-6587","keyword":["3D printing","microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)","microelectronics","microfluidics","microsensors","microactuators"],"issue":"4","publication_status":"published","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1"}],"has_accepted_license":"1","oa":"1","article_type":"review"}]