---
_id: '6896'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Biosensors have a recognition element that detects a bioanalyte as well as
    a transducer that transfers the measured physicochemical properties into an electric
    signal, which is amplified, processed, and depicted on a user interface and usually
    stored in a data storage system. Such biosensors can be used in a broad range
    of applications, from personalized medicine to drug discovery, and from food safety
    to plant disease diagnosis. Portable biosensors are often based on microfluidic
    systems or micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS), measuring physical or chemical
    parameters. In spite of their importance for diverse applications, there are still
    several limits regarding the portability of biosensors, which is often necessary.
    Besides the required miniaturization of the components and the limited lifetime
    of some biological reagents, sample preparation and handling can be problematic.
    This review gives an overview of recent biosensor research, concentrating on optical
    measurements, and shows the possibilities and limits of the biosensors developed
    during the last few years.
article_number: '579'
article_type: review
author:
- first_name: Tomasz
  full_name: Blachowicz, Tomasz
  last_name: Blachowicz
- first_name: Guido
  full_name: Ehrmann, Guido
  last_name: Ehrmann
- first_name: Elzbieta
  full_name: Stepula, Elzbieta
  id: '256452'
  last_name: Stepula
- first_name: Andrea
  full_name: Ehrmann, Andrea
  id: '223776'
  last_name: Ehrmann
  orcid: 0000-0003-0695-3905
  orcid_put_code_url: https://api.orcid.org/v2.0/0000-0003-0695-3905/work/214151803
citation:
  alphadin: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Blachowicz, Tomasz</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ehrmann, Guido</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Stepula,
    Elzbieta</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ehrmann, Andrea</span>:
    Optical Biosensors—Principles of Operation and Applications. In: <i>Micromachines</i>
    Bd. 17, MDPI AG (2026), Nr. 5'
  ama: Blachowicz T, Ehrmann G, Stepula E, Ehrmann A. Optical Biosensors—Principles
    of Operation and Applications. <i>Micromachines</i>. 2026;17(5). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/mi17050579">10.3390/mi17050579</a>
  apa: Blachowicz, T., Ehrmann, G., Stepula, E., &#38; Ehrmann, A. (2026). Optical
    Biosensors—Principles of Operation and Applications. <i>Micromachines</i>, <i>17</i>(5).
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/mi17050579">https://doi.org/10.3390/mi17050579</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Blachowicz_Ehrmann_Stepula_Ehrmann_2026, title={Optical Biosensors—Principles
    of Operation and Applications}, volume={17}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/mi17050579">10.3390/mi17050579</a>},
    number={5579}, journal={Micromachines}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Blachowicz,
    Tomasz and Ehrmann, Guido and Stepula, Elzbieta and Ehrmann, Andrea}, year={2026}
    }'
  chicago: Blachowicz, Tomasz, Guido Ehrmann, Elzbieta Stepula, and Andrea Ehrmann.
    “Optical Biosensors—Principles of Operation and Applications.” <i>Micromachines</i>
    17, no. 5 (2026). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/mi17050579">https://doi.org/10.3390/mi17050579</a>.
  ieee: T. Blachowicz, G. Ehrmann, E. Stepula, and A. Ehrmann, “Optical Biosensors—Principles
    of Operation and Applications,” <i>Micromachines</i>, vol. 17, no. 5, 2026.
  mla: Blachowicz, Tomasz, et al. “Optical Biosensors—Principles of Operation and
    Applications.” <i>Micromachines</i>, vol. 17, no. 5, 579, MDPI AG, 2026, doi:<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.3390/mi17050579">10.3390/mi17050579</a>.
  short: T. Blachowicz, G. Ehrmann, E. Stepula, A. Ehrmann, Micromachines 17 (2026).
date_created: 2026-05-09T10:02:15Z
date_updated: 2026-05-09T10:02:21Z
doi: 10.3390/mi17050579
file:
- access_level: open_access
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: aehrmann
  date_created: 2026-05-09T10:01:23Z
  date_updated: 2026-05-09T10:01:23Z
  file_id: '6897'
  file_name: _2026_Blachowicz_Micromachines17_579.pdf
  file_size: 4327416
  relation: main_file
  success: 1
file_date_updated: 2026-05-09T10:01:23Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '        17'
issue: '5'
keyword:
- portable biosensors
- point-of-care diagnosis
- optical sensors
- microfluidics
language:
- iso: eng
oa: '1'
project:
- _id: 0ec202b7-cd76-11ed-89f4-a9e1a6dbdaa7
  name: Institut für Technische Energie-Systeme
publication: Micromachines
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 2072-666X
publication_status: published
publisher: MDPI AG
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Optical Biosensors—Principles of Operation and Applications
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
urn: urn:nbn:de:hbz:bi10-68961
user_id: '223776'
volume: 17
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '4016'
citation:
  alphadin: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ehrmann, A.</span> (Hrsg.): <i>
    3D Printing of MEMS Technology</i>. Basel : MDPI, 2023'
  ama: 'Ehrmann A, ed. <i> 3D Printing of MEMS Technology</i>. Basel: MDPI; 2023.
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-0365-9771-3">10.3390/books978-3-0365-9771-3</a>'
  apa: 'Ehrmann, A. (Ed.). (2023). <i> 3D Printing of MEMS Technology</i>. Basel:
    MDPI. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-0365-9771-3">https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-0365-9771-3</a>'
  bibtex: '@book{Ehrmann_2023, place={Basel}, title={ 3D Printing of MEMS Technology},
    DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-0365-9771-3">10.3390/books978-3-0365-9771-3</a>},
    publisher={MDPI}, year={2023} }'
  chicago: 'Ehrmann, Andrea, ed. <i> 3D Printing of MEMS Technology</i>. Basel: MDPI,
    2023. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-0365-9771-3">https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-0365-9771-3</a>.'
  ieee: 'A. Ehrmann, Ed., <i> 3D Printing of MEMS Technology</i>. Basel: MDPI, 2023.'
  mla: Ehrmann, Andrea, editor. <i> 3D Printing of MEMS Technology</i>. MDPI, 2023,
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-0365-9771-3">10.3390/books978-3-0365-9771-3</a>.
  short: A. Ehrmann, ed.,  3D Printing of MEMS Technology, MDPI, Basel, 2023.
date_created: 2023-12-14T14:52:39Z
date_updated: 2026-03-17T15:28:53Z
doi: 10.3390/books978-3-0365-9771-3
editor:
- first_name: Andrea
  full_name: Ehrmann, Andrea
  id: '223776'
  last_name: Ehrmann
  orcid: 0000-0003-0695-3905
keyword:
- 3D printed nanostructures and nano-composites for application in MEMS
- Lab-on-a-chip devices
- Microfluidics
- Microelectronics
- Micro-batteries and other energy storage devices
- Micro- and nano-sensors and -actuators (physical
- chemical
- biological)
- Challenges and possible solutions of using 3D printing technologies for MEMS
- Similar approaches related to 3D printing of MEMS technology
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://mdpi-res.com/bookfiles/book/8445/3D_Printing_of_MEMS_Technology.pdf?v=1702887078
oa: '1'
page: '194'
place: Basel
publication_identifier:
  isbn:
  - 978-3-0365-9770-6
publication_status: published
publisher: MDPI
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: ' 3D Printing of MEMS Technology'
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by_nc_nd.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
    (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
  short: CC BY-NC-ND (4.0)
type: book_editor
user_id: '231260'
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '658'
article_number: '434'
article_type: review
author:
- first_name: Tomasz
  full_name: Blachowicz, Tomasz
  last_name: Blachowicz
- first_name: Andrea
  full_name: Ehrmann, Andrea
  id: '223776'
  last_name: Ehrmann
  orcid: 0000-0003-0695-3905
  orcid_put_code_url: https://api.orcid.org/v2.0/0000-0003-0695-3905/work/160647737
citation:
  alphadin: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Blachowicz, Tomasz</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ehrmann, Andrea</span>: 3D Printed MEMS Technology—Recent
    Developments and Applications. In: <i>Micromachines</i> Bd. 11 (2020), Nr. 4'
  ama: Blachowicz T, Ehrmann A. 3D Printed MEMS Technology—Recent Developments and
    Applications. <i>Micromachines</i>. 2020;11(4). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/mi11040434">10.3390/mi11040434</a>
  apa: Blachowicz, T., &#38; Ehrmann, A. (2020). 3D Printed MEMS Technology—Recent
    Developments and Applications. <i>Micromachines</i>, <i>11</i>(4). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/mi11040434">https://doi.org/10.3390/mi11040434</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Blachowicz_Ehrmann_2020, title={3D Printed MEMS Technology—Recent
    Developments and Applications}, volume={11}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/mi11040434">10.3390/mi11040434</a>},
    number={4434}, journal={Micromachines}, author={Blachowicz, Tomasz and Ehrmann,
    Andrea}, year={2020} }'
  chicago: Blachowicz, Tomasz, and Andrea Ehrmann. “3D Printed MEMS Technology—Recent
    Developments and Applications.” <i>Micromachines</i> 11, no. 4 (2020). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/mi11040434">https://doi.org/10.3390/mi11040434</a>.
  ieee: T. Blachowicz and A. Ehrmann, “3D Printed MEMS Technology—Recent Developments
    and Applications,” <i>Micromachines</i>, vol. 11, no. 4, 2020.
  mla: Blachowicz, Tomasz, and Andrea Ehrmann. “3D Printed MEMS Technology—Recent
    Developments and Applications.” <i>Micromachines</i>, vol. 11, no. 4, 434, 2020,
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/mi11040434">10.3390/mi11040434</a>.
  short: T. Blachowicz, A. Ehrmann, Micromachines 11 (2020).
date_created: 2021-01-03T16:34:38Z
date_updated: 2026-03-17T15:29:32Z
department:
- _id: '103'
doi: 10.3390/mi11040434
file:
- access_level: open_access
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: aehrmann
  date_created: 2021-01-03T16:34:11Z
  date_updated: 2021-01-03T16:34:11Z
  file_id: '659'
  file_name: _2020_Blachowicz_Micromachines11_434_corr.pdf
  file_size: 3080981
  relation: main_file
  success: 1
file_date_updated: 2021-01-03T16:34:11Z
funded_apc: '1'
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '        11'
issue: '4'
keyword:
- 3D printing
- microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)
- microelectronics
- microfluidics
- microsensors
- microactuators
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
oa: '1'
publication: Micromachines
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2072-666X
publication_status: published
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: 3D Printed MEMS Technology—Recent Developments and Applications
type: journal_article
urn: urn:nbn:de:hbz:bi10-6587
user_id: '243110'
volume: 11
year: '2020'
...