---
_id: '6896'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Biosensors have a recognition element that detects a bioanalyte as well as
    a transducer that transfers the measured physicochemical properties into an electric
    signal, which is amplified, processed, and depicted on a user interface and usually
    stored in a data storage system. Such biosensors can be used in a broad range
    of applications, from personalized medicine to drug discovery, and from food safety
    to plant disease diagnosis. Portable biosensors are often based on microfluidic
    systems or micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS), measuring physical or chemical
    parameters. In spite of their importance for diverse applications, there are still
    several limits regarding the portability of biosensors, which is often necessary.
    Besides the required miniaturization of the components and the limited lifetime
    of some biological reagents, sample preparation and handling can be problematic.
    This review gives an overview of recent biosensor research, concentrating on optical
    measurements, and shows the possibilities and limits of the biosensors developed
    during the last few years.
article_number: '579'
article_type: review
author:
- first_name: Tomasz
  full_name: Blachowicz, Tomasz
  last_name: Blachowicz
- first_name: Guido
  full_name: Ehrmann, Guido
  last_name: Ehrmann
- first_name: Elzbieta
  full_name: Stepula, Elzbieta
  id: '256452'
  last_name: Stepula
- first_name: Andrea
  full_name: Ehrmann, Andrea
  id: '223776'
  last_name: Ehrmann
  orcid: 0000-0003-0695-3905
  orcid_put_code_url: https://api.orcid.org/v2.0/0000-0003-0695-3905/work/214151803
citation:
  alphadin: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Blachowicz, Tomasz</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ehrmann, Guido</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Stepula,
    Elzbieta</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ehrmann, Andrea</span>:
    Optical Biosensors—Principles of Operation and Applications. In: <i>Micromachines</i>
    Bd. 17, MDPI AG (2026), Nr. 5'
  ama: Blachowicz T, Ehrmann G, Stepula E, Ehrmann A. Optical Biosensors—Principles
    of Operation and Applications. <i>Micromachines</i>. 2026;17(5). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/mi17050579">10.3390/mi17050579</a>
  apa: Blachowicz, T., Ehrmann, G., Stepula, E., &#38; Ehrmann, A. (2026). Optical
    Biosensors—Principles of Operation and Applications. <i>Micromachines</i>, <i>17</i>(5).
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/mi17050579">https://doi.org/10.3390/mi17050579</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Blachowicz_Ehrmann_Stepula_Ehrmann_2026, title={Optical Biosensors—Principles
    of Operation and Applications}, volume={17}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/mi17050579">10.3390/mi17050579</a>},
    number={5579}, journal={Micromachines}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Blachowicz,
    Tomasz and Ehrmann, Guido and Stepula, Elzbieta and Ehrmann, Andrea}, year={2026}
    }'
  chicago: Blachowicz, Tomasz, Guido Ehrmann, Elzbieta Stepula, and Andrea Ehrmann.
    “Optical Biosensors—Principles of Operation and Applications.” <i>Micromachines</i>
    17, no. 5 (2026). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/mi17050579">https://doi.org/10.3390/mi17050579</a>.
  ieee: T. Blachowicz, G. Ehrmann, E. Stepula, and A. Ehrmann, “Optical Biosensors—Principles
    of Operation and Applications,” <i>Micromachines</i>, vol. 17, no. 5, 2026.
  mla: Blachowicz, Tomasz, et al. “Optical Biosensors—Principles of Operation and
    Applications.” <i>Micromachines</i>, vol. 17, no. 5, 579, MDPI AG, 2026, doi:<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.3390/mi17050579">10.3390/mi17050579</a>.
  short: T. Blachowicz, G. Ehrmann, E. Stepula, A. Ehrmann, Micromachines 17 (2026).
date_created: 2026-05-09T10:02:15Z
date_updated: 2026-05-09T10:02:21Z
doi: 10.3390/mi17050579
file:
- access_level: open_access
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: aehrmann
  date_created: 2026-05-09T10:01:23Z
  date_updated: 2026-05-09T10:01:23Z
  file_id: '6897'
  file_name: _2026_Blachowicz_Micromachines17_579.pdf
  file_size: 4327416
  relation: main_file
  success: 1
file_date_updated: 2026-05-09T10:01:23Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '        17'
issue: '5'
keyword:
- portable biosensors
- point-of-care diagnosis
- optical sensors
- microfluidics
language:
- iso: eng
oa: '1'
project:
- _id: 0ec202b7-cd76-11ed-89f4-a9e1a6dbdaa7
  name: Institut für Technische Energie-Systeme
publication: Micromachines
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 2072-666X
publication_status: published
publisher: MDPI AG
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Optical Biosensors—Principles of Operation and Applications
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
urn: urn:nbn:de:hbz:bi10-68961
user_id: '223776'
volume: 17
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '6355'
author:
- first_name: Hasina
  full_name: Attaullah, Hasina
  id: '254998'
  last_name: Attaullah
  orcid: 0000-0002-6902-6116
  orcid_put_code_url: https://api.orcid.org/v2.0/0000-0002-6902-6116/work/198405201
- first_name: Christian
  full_name: Peters, Christian
  id: '257329'
  last_name: Peters
  orcid: 0009-0002-7329-0320
  orcid_put_code_url: https://api.orcid.org/v2.0/0009-0002-7329-0320/work/198509977
- first_name: Annika
  full_name: Peters, Annika
  id: '257172'
  last_name: Peters
- first_name: Thorsten
  full_name: Jungeblut, Thorsten
  id: '242294'
  last_name: Jungeblut
  orcid: 0000-0001-7425-8766
citation:
  alphadin: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Attaullah, Hasina</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Peters, Christian</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Peters,
    Annika</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Jungeblut, Thorsten</span>:
    AI Meets Elderly Care: Mining Smart Home Data for Dementia and Depression Detection.
    In: <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Schriftenreihe des Institute for Data
    Science Solutions</span> (Hrsg.) , <i>KI2025@HSBI Zukunft im Fokus</i>. Bd. 2.
    Bielefeld (2025)'
  ama: 'Attaullah H, Peters C, Peters A, Jungeblut T. AI Meets Elderly Care: Mining
    Smart Home Data for Dementia and Depression Detection. Schriftenreihe des Institute
    for Data Science Solutions, ed. 2025;2:38-39. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.60802/SIDAS.2025.2">10.60802/SIDAS.2025.2</a>'
  apa: 'Attaullah, H., Peters, C., Peters, A., &#38; Jungeblut, T. (2025). AI Meets
    Elderly Care: Mining Smart Home Data for Dementia and Depression Detection. (Schriftenreihe
    des Institute for Data Science Solutions, Ed.). Presented at the KI2025@HSBI Zukunft
    im Fokus, Bielefeld. <a href="https://doi.org/10.60802/SIDAS.2025.2">https://doi.org/10.60802/SIDAS.2025.2</a>'
  bibtex: '@article{Attaullah_Peters_Peters_Jungeblut_2025, place={Bielefeld}, series={KI2025@HSBI
    Zukunft im Fokus}, title={AI Meets Elderly Care: Mining Smart Home Data for Dementia
    and Depression Detection}, volume={2}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.60802/SIDAS.2025.2">10.60802/SIDAS.2025.2</a>},
    author={Attaullah, Hasina and Peters, Christian and Peters, Annika and Jungeblut,
    Thorsten}, editor={Schriftenreihe des Institute for Data Science SolutionsEditor},
    year={2025}, pages={38–39}, collection={KI2025@HSBI Zukunft im Fokus} }'
  chicago: 'Attaullah, Hasina, Christian Peters, Annika Peters, and Thorsten Jungeblut.
    “AI Meets Elderly Care: Mining Smart Home Data for Dementia and Depression Detection.”
    Edited by Schriftenreihe des Institute for Data Science Solutions. KI2025@HSBI
    Zukunft Im Fokus. Bielefeld, 2025. <a href="https://doi.org/10.60802/SIDAS.2025.2">https://doi.org/10.60802/SIDAS.2025.2</a>.'
  ieee: 'H. Attaullah, C. Peters, A. Peters, and T. Jungeblut, “AI Meets Elderly Care:
    Mining Smart Home Data for Dementia and Depression Detection,” vol. 2. Bielefeld,
    pp. 38–39, 2025.'
  mla: 'Attaullah, Hasina, et al. <i>AI Meets Elderly Care: Mining Smart Home Data
    for Dementia and Depression Detection</i>. Edited by Schriftenreihe des Institute
    for Data Science Solutions, vol. 2, 2025, pp. 38–39, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.60802/SIDAS.2025.2">10.60802/SIDAS.2025.2</a>.'
  short: H. Attaullah, C. Peters, A. Peters, T. Jungeblut, 2 (2025) 38–39.
conference:
  end_date: 2025-06-03
  location: Bielefeld
  name: KI2025@HSBI Zukunft im Fokus
  start_date: 2025-06-03
corporate_editor:
- Schriftenreihe des Institute for Data Science Solutions
date_created: 2025-12-01T10:33:14Z
date_updated: 2026-03-17T15:29:29Z
department:
- _id: '103'
doi: 10.60802/SIDAS.2025.2
intvolume: '         2'
keyword:
- Depression Detection
- Smart Home
- Dementia Detection
- Smart Home Sensors
language:
- iso: eng
page: 38-39
place: Bielefeld
project:
- _id: beb248c8-cd75-11ed-b77c-e432b4711f7b
  name: Institut für Systemdynamik und Mechatronik
publication_identifier:
  unknown:
  - 2943-3509
quality_controlled: '1'
related_material:
  link:
  - relation: confirmation
    url: https://journals.hsbi.de/sidas/issue/view/29
series_title: KI2025@HSBI Zukunft im Fokus
status: public
title: 'AI Meets Elderly Care: Mining Smart Home Data for Dementia and Depression
  Detection'
type: conference
user_id: '257172'
volume: 2
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '5334'
article_type: review
author:
- first_name: Nonsikelelo Sheron
  full_name: Mpofu, Nonsikelelo Sheron
  last_name: Mpofu
- first_name: Tomasz
  full_name: Blachowicz, Tomasz
  last_name: Blachowicz
- first_name: Andrea
  full_name: Ehrmann, Andrea
  id: '223776'
  last_name: Ehrmann
  orcid: 0000-0003-0695-3905
  orcid_put_code_url: https://api.orcid.org/v2.0/0000-0003-0695-3905/work/176200463
- first_name: Guido
  full_name: Ehrmann, Guido
  last_name: Ehrmann
citation:
  alphadin: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Mpofu, Nonsikelelo Sheron</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Blachowicz, Tomasz</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ehrmann,
    Andrea</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ehrmann, Guido</span>:
    Wearable Electrospun Nanofibrous Sensors for Health Monitoring. In: <i>Micro</i>
    Bd. 4, MDPI AG (2024), Nr. 4, S. 798–822'
  ama: Mpofu NS, Blachowicz T, Ehrmann A, Ehrmann G. Wearable Electrospun Nanofibrous
    Sensors for Health Monitoring. <i>Micro</i>. 2024;4(4):798-822. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/micro4040049">10.3390/micro4040049</a>
  apa: Mpofu, N. S., Blachowicz, T., Ehrmann, A., &#38; Ehrmann, G. (2024). Wearable
    Electrospun Nanofibrous Sensors for Health Monitoring. <i>Micro</i>, <i>4</i>(4),
    798–822. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/micro4040049">https://doi.org/10.3390/micro4040049</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Mpofu_Blachowicz_Ehrmann_Ehrmann_2024, title={Wearable Electrospun
    Nanofibrous Sensors for Health Monitoring}, volume={4}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/micro4040049">10.3390/micro4040049</a>},
    number={4}, journal={Micro}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Mpofu, Nonsikelelo Sheron
    and Blachowicz, Tomasz and Ehrmann, Andrea and Ehrmann, Guido}, year={2024}, pages={798–822}
    }'
  chicago: 'Mpofu, Nonsikelelo Sheron, Tomasz Blachowicz, Andrea Ehrmann, and Guido
    Ehrmann. “Wearable Electrospun Nanofibrous Sensors for Health Monitoring.” <i>Micro</i>
    4, no. 4 (2024): 798–822. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/micro4040049">https://doi.org/10.3390/micro4040049</a>.'
  ieee: N. S. Mpofu, T. Blachowicz, A. Ehrmann, and G. Ehrmann, “Wearable Electrospun
    Nanofibrous Sensors for Health Monitoring,” <i>Micro</i>, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 798–822,
    2024.
  mla: Mpofu, Nonsikelelo Sheron, et al. “Wearable Electrospun Nanofibrous Sensors
    for Health Monitoring.” <i>Micro</i>, vol. 4, no. 4, MDPI AG, 2024, pp. 798–822,
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/micro4040049">10.3390/micro4040049</a>.
  short: N.S. Mpofu, T. Blachowicz, A. Ehrmann, G. Ehrmann, Micro 4 (2024) 798–822.
date_created: 2025-01-20T14:11:23Z
date_updated: 2026-03-17T15:29:17Z
doi: 10.3390/micro4040049
file:
- access_level: open_access
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: aehrmann
  date_created: 2025-01-20T14:10:39Z
  date_updated: 2025-01-20T14:10:39Z
  file_id: '5335'
  file_name: _2024_Mpofu_Micro4_798-822.pdf
  file_size: 17602640
  relation: main_file
  success: 1
file_date_updated: 2025-01-20T14:10:39Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '         4'
issue: '4'
keyword:
- wearables
- electrospinning
- health monitoring
- ECG
- heartbeat
- strain sensors
- temperature sensors
- light sensors
language:
- iso: eng
oa: '1'
page: 798-822
project:
- _id: 0ec202b7-cd76-11ed-89f4-a9e1a6dbdaa7
  name: Institut für Technische Energie-Systeme
publication: Micro
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 2673-8023
publication_status: published
publisher: MDPI AG
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Wearable Electrospun Nanofibrous Sensors for Health Monitoring
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
urn: urn:nbn:de:hbz:bi10-53346
user_id: '220548'
volume: 4
year: '2024'
...
---
_id: '4016'
citation:
  alphadin: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ehrmann, A.</span> (Hrsg.): <i>
    3D Printing of MEMS Technology</i>. Basel : MDPI, 2023'
  ama: 'Ehrmann A, ed. <i> 3D Printing of MEMS Technology</i>. Basel: MDPI; 2023.
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-0365-9771-3">10.3390/books978-3-0365-9771-3</a>'
  apa: 'Ehrmann, A. (Ed.). (2023). <i> 3D Printing of MEMS Technology</i>. Basel:
    MDPI. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-0365-9771-3">https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-0365-9771-3</a>'
  bibtex: '@book{Ehrmann_2023, place={Basel}, title={ 3D Printing of MEMS Technology},
    DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-0365-9771-3">10.3390/books978-3-0365-9771-3</a>},
    publisher={MDPI}, year={2023} }'
  chicago: 'Ehrmann, Andrea, ed. <i> 3D Printing of MEMS Technology</i>. Basel: MDPI,
    2023. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-0365-9771-3">https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-0365-9771-3</a>.'
  ieee: 'A. Ehrmann, Ed., <i> 3D Printing of MEMS Technology</i>. Basel: MDPI, 2023.'
  mla: Ehrmann, Andrea, editor. <i> 3D Printing of MEMS Technology</i>. MDPI, 2023,
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-0365-9771-3">10.3390/books978-3-0365-9771-3</a>.
  short: A. Ehrmann, ed.,  3D Printing of MEMS Technology, MDPI, Basel, 2023.
date_created: 2023-12-14T14:52:39Z
date_updated: 2026-03-17T15:28:53Z
doi: 10.3390/books978-3-0365-9771-3
editor:
- first_name: Andrea
  full_name: Ehrmann, Andrea
  id: '223776'
  last_name: Ehrmann
  orcid: 0000-0003-0695-3905
keyword:
- 3D printed nanostructures and nano-composites for application in MEMS
- Lab-on-a-chip devices
- Microfluidics
- Microelectronics
- Micro-batteries and other energy storage devices
- Micro- and nano-sensors and -actuators (physical
- chemical
- biological)
- Challenges and possible solutions of using 3D printing technologies for MEMS
- Similar approaches related to 3D printing of MEMS technology
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://mdpi-res.com/bookfiles/book/8445/3D_Printing_of_MEMS_Technology.pdf?v=1702887078
oa: '1'
page: '194'
place: Basel
publication_identifier:
  isbn:
  - 978-3-0365-9770-6
publication_status: published
publisher: MDPI
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: ' 3D Printing of MEMS Technology'
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by_nc_nd.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
    (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
  short: CC BY-NC-ND (4.0)
type: book_editor
user_id: '231260'
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '1605'
article_number: '1741'
article_type: review
author:
- first_name: Seyedeh Nooshin
  full_name: Banitaba, Seyedeh Nooshin
  last_name: Banitaba
- first_name: Andrea
  full_name: Ehrmann, Andrea
  id: '223776'
  last_name: Ehrmann
  orcid: 0000-0003-0695-3905
  orcid_put_code_url: https://api.orcid.org/v2.0/0000-0003-0695-3905/work/105572048
citation:
  alphadin: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Banitaba, Seyedeh Nooshin</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ehrmann, Andrea</span>: Application of
    Electrospun Nanofibers for Fabrication of Versatile and Highly Efficient Electrochemical
    Devices: A Review. In: <i>Polymers</i> Bd. 13, MDPI AG (2021), Nr. 11'
  ama: 'Banitaba SN, Ehrmann A. Application of Electrospun Nanofibers for Fabrication
    of Versatile and Highly Efficient Electrochemical Devices: A Review. <i>Polymers</i>.
    2021;13(11). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13111741">10.3390/polym13111741</a>'
  apa: 'Banitaba, S. N., &#38; Ehrmann, A. (2021). Application of Electrospun Nanofibers
    for Fabrication of Versatile and Highly Efficient Electrochemical Devices: A Review.
    <i>Polymers</i>, <i>13</i>(11). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13111741">https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13111741</a>'
  bibtex: '@article{Banitaba_Ehrmann_2021, title={Application of Electrospun Nanofibers
    for Fabrication of Versatile and Highly Efficient Electrochemical Devices: A Review},
    volume={13}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13111741">10.3390/polym13111741</a>},
    number={111741}, journal={Polymers}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Banitaba, Seyedeh
    Nooshin and Ehrmann, Andrea}, year={2021} }'
  chicago: 'Banitaba, Seyedeh Nooshin, and Andrea Ehrmann. “Application of Electrospun
    Nanofibers for Fabrication of Versatile and Highly Efficient Electrochemical Devices:
    A Review.” <i>Polymers</i> 13, no. 11 (2021). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13111741">https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13111741</a>.'
  ieee: 'S. N. Banitaba and A. Ehrmann, “Application of Electrospun Nanofibers for
    Fabrication of Versatile and Highly Efficient Electrochemical Devices: A Review,”
    <i>Polymers</i>, vol. 13, no. 11, 2021.'
  mla: 'Banitaba, Seyedeh Nooshin, and Andrea Ehrmann. “Application of Electrospun
    Nanofibers for Fabrication of Versatile and Highly Efficient Electrochemical Devices:
    A Review.” <i>Polymers</i>, vol. 13, no. 11, 1741, MDPI AG, 2021, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13111741">10.3390/polym13111741</a>.'
  short: S.N. Banitaba, A. Ehrmann, Polymers 13 (2021).
date_created: 2022-01-01T14:16:12Z
date_updated: 2026-03-17T15:28:23Z
department:
- _id: '103'
doi: 10.3390/polym13111741
intvolume: '        13'
issue: '11'
keyword:
- electrolytic cells
- batteries
- fuel cells
- supercapacitors
- electrochemical solar cells
- sensors
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13111741
oa: '1'
publication: Polymers
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 2073-4360
publication_status: published
publisher: MDPI AG
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: 'Application of Electrospun Nanofibers for Fabrication of Versatile and Highly
  Efficient Electrochemical Devices: A Review'
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: '220548'
volume: 13
year: '2021'
...
---
_id: '1628'
article_type: review
author:
- first_name: Guido
  full_name: Ehrmann, Guido
  last_name: Ehrmann
- first_name: Andrea
  full_name: Ehrmann, Andrea
  id: '223776'
  last_name: Ehrmann
  orcid: 0000-0003-0695-3905
  orcid_put_code_url: https://api.orcid.org/v2.0/0000-0003-0695-3905/work/105571342
citation:
  alphadin: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ehrmann, Guido</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ehrmann, Andrea</span>: Electronic Textiles.
    In: <i>Encyclopedia</i> Bd. 1, MDPI AG (2021), Nr. 1, S. 115–130'
  ama: Ehrmann G, Ehrmann A. Electronic Textiles. <i>Encyclopedia</i>. 2021;1(1):115-130.
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia1010013">10.3390/encyclopedia1010013</a>
  apa: Ehrmann, G., &#38; Ehrmann, A. (2021). Electronic Textiles. <i>Encyclopedia</i>,
    <i>1</i>(1), 115–130. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia1010013">https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia1010013</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Ehrmann_Ehrmann_2021, title={Electronic Textiles}, volume={1},
    DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia1010013">10.3390/encyclopedia1010013</a>},
    number={1}, journal={Encyclopedia}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Ehrmann, Guido
    and Ehrmann, Andrea}, year={2021}, pages={115–130} }'
  chicago: 'Ehrmann, Guido, and Andrea Ehrmann. “Electronic Textiles.” <i>Encyclopedia</i>
    1, no. 1 (2021): 115–30. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia1010013">https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia1010013</a>.'
  ieee: G. Ehrmann and A. Ehrmann, “Electronic Textiles,” <i>Encyclopedia</i>, vol.
    1, no. 1, pp. 115–130, 2021.
  mla: Ehrmann, Guido, and Andrea Ehrmann. “Electronic Textiles.” <i>Encyclopedia</i>,
    vol. 1, no. 1, MDPI AG, 2021, pp. 115–30, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia1010013">10.3390/encyclopedia1010013</a>.
  short: G. Ehrmann, A. Ehrmann, Encyclopedia 1 (2021) 115–130.
date_created: 2022-01-01T14:41:55Z
date_updated: 2026-03-17T15:28:23Z
department:
- _id: '103'
doi: 10.3390/encyclopedia1010013
intvolume: '         1'
issue: '1'
keyword:
- smart textiles
- electronic textiles
- e-textiles
- sensors
- actuators
- conductive yarn
- body functions
- textile batteries
- textile circuits
- single-board microcontroller (SBM)
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia1010013
oa: '1'
page: 115-130
publication: Encyclopedia
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 2673-8392
publication_status: published
publisher: MDPI AG
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Electronic Textiles
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: '220548'
volume: 1
year: '2021'
...