[{"status":"public","doi":"10.3390/mi17050579","intvolume":"        17","year":"2026","article_number":"579","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Biosensors have a recognition element that detects a bioanalyte as well as a transducer that transfers the measured physicochemical properties into an electric signal, which is amplified, processed, and depicted on a user interface and usually stored in a data storage system. Such biosensors can be used in a broad range of applications, from personalized medicine to drug discovery, and from food safety to plant disease diagnosis. Portable biosensors are often based on microfluidic systems or micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS), measuring physical or chemical parameters. In spite of their importance for diverse applications, there are still several limits regarding the portability of biosensors, which is often necessary. Besides the required miniaturization of the components and the limited lifetime of some biological reagents, sample preparation and handling can be problematic. This review gives an overview of recent biosensor research, concentrating on optical measurements, and shows the possibilities and limits of the biosensors developed during the last few years."}],"quality_controlled":"1","volume":17,"date_created":"2026-05-09T10:02:15Z","file_date_updated":"2026-05-09T10:01:23Z","title":"Optical Biosensors—Principles of Operation and Applications","user_id":"223776","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2072-666X"]},"type":"journal_article","file":[{"access_level":"open_access","file_id":"6897","relation":"main_file","file_size":4327416,"file_name":"_2026_Blachowicz_Micromachines17_579.pdf","content_type":"application/pdf","date_updated":"2026-05-09T10:01:23Z","success":1,"creator":"aehrmann","date_created":"2026-05-09T10:01:23Z"}],"publication":"Micromachines","author":[{"last_name":"Blachowicz","full_name":"Blachowicz, Tomasz","first_name":"Tomasz"},{"first_name":"Guido","last_name":"Ehrmann","full_name":"Ehrmann, Guido"},{"full_name":"Stepula, Elzbieta","last_name":"Stepula","first_name":"Elzbieta","id":"256452"},{"orcid_put_code_url":"https://api.orcid.org/v2.0/0000-0003-0695-3905/work/214151803","id":"223776","first_name":"Andrea","last_name":"Ehrmann","full_name":"Ehrmann, Andrea","orcid":"0000-0003-0695-3905"}],"citation":{"ieee":"T. Blachowicz, G. Ehrmann, E. Stepula, and A. Ehrmann, “Optical Biosensors—Principles of Operation and Applications,” <i>Micromachines</i>, vol. 17, no. 5, 2026.","alphadin":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Blachowicz, Tomasz</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Ehrmann, Guido</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Stepula, Elzbieta</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Ehrmann, Andrea</span>: Optical Biosensors—Principles of Operation and Applications. In: <i>Micromachines</i> Bd. 17, MDPI AG (2026), Nr. 5","bibtex":"@article{Blachowicz_Ehrmann_Stepula_Ehrmann_2026, title={Optical Biosensors—Principles of Operation and Applications}, volume={17}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/mi17050579\">10.3390/mi17050579</a>}, number={5579}, journal={Micromachines}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Blachowicz, Tomasz and Ehrmann, Guido and Stepula, Elzbieta and Ehrmann, Andrea}, year={2026} }","apa":"Blachowicz, T., Ehrmann, G., Stepula, E., &#38; Ehrmann, A. (2026). Optical Biosensors—Principles of Operation and Applications. <i>Micromachines</i>, <i>17</i>(5). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/mi17050579\">https://doi.org/10.3390/mi17050579</a>","short":"T. Blachowicz, G. Ehrmann, E. Stepula, A. Ehrmann, Micromachines 17 (2026).","chicago":"Blachowicz, Tomasz, Guido Ehrmann, Elzbieta Stepula, and Andrea Ehrmann. “Optical Biosensors—Principles of Operation and Applications.” <i>Micromachines</i> 17, no. 5 (2026). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/mi17050579\">https://doi.org/10.3390/mi17050579</a>.","mla":"Blachowicz, Tomasz, et al. “Optical Biosensors—Principles of Operation and Applications.” <i>Micromachines</i>, vol. 17, no. 5, 579, MDPI AG, 2026, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/mi17050579\">10.3390/mi17050579</a>.","ama":"Blachowicz T, Ehrmann G, Stepula E, Ehrmann A. Optical Biosensors—Principles of Operation and Applications. <i>Micromachines</i>. 2026;17(5). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/mi17050579\">10.3390/mi17050579</a>"},"date_updated":"2026-05-09T10:02:21Z","publisher":"MDPI AG","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"_id":"6896","article_type":"review","tmp":{"short":"CC BY (4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png"},"has_accepted_license":"1","project":[{"name":"Institut für Technische Energie-Systeme","_id":"0ec202b7-cd76-11ed-89f4-a9e1a6dbdaa7"}],"oa":"1","keyword":["portable biosensors","point-of-care diagnosis","optical sensors","microfluidics"],"urn":"urn:nbn:de:hbz:bi10-68961","issue":"5","publication_status":"published"},{"date_updated":"2026-04-28T14:43:09Z","publisher":"Elsevier BV","doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.141579","intvolume":"       306","status":"public","author":[{"first_name":"Benjamin Willem","id":"243413","orcid_put_code_url":"https://api.orcid.org/v2.0/0000-0002-7201-4335/work/188097401","last_name":"Moorlach","orcid":"0000-0002-7201-4335","full_name":"Moorlach, Benjamin Willem"},{"first_name":"Ana R.","full_name":"Sede, Ana R.","last_name":"Sede"},{"last_name":"Hermann","full_name":"Hermann, Katharina M.","first_name":"Katharina M."},{"first_name":"Alesia A.","full_name":"Levanova, Alesia A.","last_name":"Levanova"},{"last_name":"Poranen","full_name":"Poranen, Minna M.","first_name":"Minna M."},{"full_name":"Westphal, Michael","last_name":"Westphal","first_name":"Michael"},{"full_name":"Wortmann, Martin","last_name":"Wortmann","first_name":"Martin"},{"full_name":"Stepula, Elzbieta","last_name":"Stepula","id":"256452","first_name":"Elzbieta"},{"first_name":"Desiree","full_name":"Jakobs-Schönwandt, Desiree","last_name":"Jakobs-Schönwandt"},{"last_name":"Heinlein","full_name":"Heinlein, Manfred","first_name":"Manfred"},{"id":"256326","first_name":"Waldemar","full_name":"Keil, Waldemar","last_name":"Keil"},{"last_name":"Patel","full_name":"Patel, Anant","id":"201870","first_name":"Anant"}],"citation":{"alphadin":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\"><span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Moorlach, Benjamin Willem</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Sede, Ana R.</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Hermann, Katharina M.</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Levanova, Alesia A.</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Poranen, Minna M.</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Westphal, Michael</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Wortmann, Martin</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Stepula, Elzbieta</span> ; u. a.</span>: Interpolyelectrolyte complexes of in vivo produced dsRNA with chitosan and alginate for enhanced plant protection against tobacco mosaic virus. 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W. Moorlach <i>et al.</i>, “Interpolyelectrolyte complexes of in vivo produced dsRNA with chitosan and alginate for enhanced plant protection against tobacco mosaic virus,” <i>International Journal of Biological Macromolecules</i>, vol. 306, 2025.","mla":"Moorlach, Benjamin Willem, et al. “Interpolyelectrolyte Complexes of in Vivo Produced DsRNA with Chitosan and Alginate for Enhanced Plant Protection against Tobacco Mosaic Virus.” <i>International Journal of Biological Macromolecules</i>, vol. 306, 141579, Elsevier BV, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.141579\">10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.141579</a>.","ama":"Moorlach BW, Sede AR, Hermann KM, et al. Interpolyelectrolyte complexes of in vivo produced dsRNA with chitosan and alginate for enhanced plant protection against tobacco mosaic virus. <i>International Journal of Biological Macromolecules</i>. 2025;306. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.141579\">10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.141579</a>","short":"B.W. Moorlach, A.R. Sede, K.M. Hermann, A.A. Levanova, M.M. Poranen, M. Westphal, M. Wortmann, E. Stepula, D. Jakobs-Schönwandt, M. Heinlein, W. Keil, A. Patel, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 306 (2025).","chicago":"Moorlach, Benjamin Willem, Ana R. Sede, Katharina M. Hermann, Alesia A. Levanova, Minna M. Poranen, Michael Westphal, Martin Wortmann, et al. “Interpolyelectrolyte Complexes of in Vivo Produced DsRNA with Chitosan and Alginate for Enhanced Plant Protection against Tobacco Mosaic Virus.” <i>International Journal of Biological Macromolecules</i> 306 (2025). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.141579\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.141579</a>."},"article_number":"141579","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"_id":"6056","year":"2025","volume":306,"date_created":"2025-07-14T12:36:52Z","title":"Interpolyelectrolyte complexes of in vivo produced dsRNA with chitosan and alginate for enhanced plant protection against tobacco mosaic virus","quality_controlled":"1","publication":"International Journal of Biological Macromolecules","publication_status":"published","alternative_id":["6591"],"user_id":"257163","project":[{"name":"Bielefelder Institut für Angewandte Materialforschung","_id":"f89a05bb-bcea-11ed-9442-ed382659bc06"}],"type":"journal_article","publication_identifier":{"issn":["01418130"]}},{"doi":"10.3390/engproc2025087045","intvolume":"        87","page":"45","status":"public","conference":{"start_date":"2024-12-04","end_date":"2024-12-06","name":"ASEC 2024 - The 5th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences","location":"Online "},"year":"2025","date_created":"2025-04-14T15:42:51Z","title":"Electrospinning Poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN) Nanofiber Mats with Mushroom Mycelium Powder","file_date_updated":"2025-04-14T15:42:33Z","volume":87,"quality_controlled":"1","publication":"ASEC 2024","type":"conference","file":[{"relation":"main_file","file_id":"5891","access_level":"open_access","success":1,"date_updated":"2025-04-14T15:42:33Z","creator":"aehrmann","date_created":"2025-04-14T15:42:33Z","file_name":"_2025_Mpofu_Engproc87_45.pdf","file_size":4900170,"content_type":"application/pdf"}],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["2673-4591"]},"user_id":"220548","date_updated":"2026-03-17T15:29:23Z","publisher":"MDPI","citation":{"ama":"Mpofu NS, Stepula E, Güth U, Ehrmann A, Sabantina L. Electrospinning Poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN) Nanofiber Mats with Mushroom Mycelium Powder. In: <i>ASEC 2024</i>. Vol 87. Engineering Proceedings. Basel Switzerland: MDPI; 2025:45. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025087045\">10.3390/engproc2025087045</a>","mla":"Mpofu, Nonsikelelo Sheron, et al. “Electrospinning Poly(Acrylonitrile) (PAN) Nanofiber Mats with Mushroom Mycelium Powder.” <i>ASEC 2024</i>, vol. 87, no. 1, MDPI, 2025, p. 45, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025087045\">10.3390/engproc2025087045</a>.","short":"N.S. Mpofu, E. Stepula, U. Güth, A. Ehrmann, L. Sabantina, in: ASEC 2024, MDPI, Basel Switzerland, 2025, p. 45.","chicago":"Mpofu, Nonsikelelo Sheron, Elzbieta Stepula, Uwe Güth, Andrea Ehrmann, and Lilia Sabantina. “Electrospinning Poly(Acrylonitrile) (PAN) Nanofiber Mats with Mushroom Mycelium Powder.” In <i>ASEC 2024</i>, 87:45. Engineering Proceedings. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025087045\">https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025087045</a>.","apa":"Mpofu, N. S., Stepula, E., Güth, U., Ehrmann, A., &#38; Sabantina, L. (2025). Electrospinning Poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN) Nanofiber Mats with Mushroom Mycelium Powder. In <i>ASEC 2024</i> (Vol. 87, p. 45). Basel Switzerland: MDPI. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025087045\">https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025087045</a>","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Mpofu_Stepula_Güth_Ehrmann_Sabantina_2025, place={Basel Switzerland}, series={Engineering Proceedings}, title={Electrospinning Poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN) Nanofiber Mats with Mushroom Mycelium Powder}, volume={87}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025087045\">10.3390/engproc2025087045</a>}, number={1}, booktitle={ASEC 2024}, publisher={MDPI}, author={Mpofu, Nonsikelelo Sheron and Stepula, Elzbieta and Güth, Uwe and Ehrmann, Andrea and Sabantina, Lilia}, year={2025}, pages={45}, collection={Engineering Proceedings} }","alphadin":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Mpofu, Nonsikelelo Sheron</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Stepula, Elzbieta</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Güth, Uwe</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Ehrmann, Andrea</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Sabantina, Lilia</span>: Electrospinning Poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN) Nanofiber Mats with Mushroom Mycelium Powder. In: <i>ASEC 2024</i>, <i>Engineering Proceedings</i>. Bd. 87. Basel Switzerland : MDPI, 2025, S. 45","ieee":"N. S. Mpofu, E. Stepula, U. Güth, A. Ehrmann, and L. Sabantina, “Electrospinning Poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN) Nanofiber Mats with Mushroom Mycelium Powder,” in <i>ASEC 2024</i>, Online , 2025, vol. 87, no. 1, p. 45."},"author":[{"first_name":"Nonsikelelo Sheron","full_name":"Mpofu, Nonsikelelo Sheron","last_name":"Mpofu"},{"full_name":"Stepula, Elzbieta","last_name":"Stepula","first_name":"Elzbieta","id":"256452"},{"first_name":"Uwe","last_name":"Güth","full_name":"Güth, Uwe"},{"orcid":"0000-0003-0695-3905","full_name":"Ehrmann, Andrea","last_name":"Ehrmann","first_name":"Andrea","orcid_put_code_url":"https://api.orcid.org/v2.0/0000-0003-0695-3905/work/182219826","id":"223776"},{"first_name":"Lilia","last_name":"Sabantina","full_name":"Sabantina, Lilia"}],"place":"Basel Switzerland","_id":"5890","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"keyword":["electrospinning","Pleurotus ostreatus","Ganoderma lucidum","stabilization","carbonization"],"urn":"urn:nbn:de:hbz:bi10-58905","series_title":"Engineering Proceedings","issue":"1","publication_status":"published","has_accepted_license":"1","tmp":{"short":"CC BY (4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png"},"project":[{"name":"Institut für Technische Energie-Systeme","_id":"0ec202b7-cd76-11ed-89f4-a9e1a6dbdaa7"}],"oa":"1"},{"doi":"10.3390/fib12110097","intvolume":"        12","status":"public","article_number":"97","year":"2024","volume":12,"date_created":"2024-12-06T13:14:55Z","file_date_updated":"2024-12-06T13:14:09Z","title":"Influence of the PAN:PEO Ratio on the Morphology of Needleless Electrospun Nanofiber Mats Before and After Carbonization","quality_controlled":"1","publication":"Fibers","user_id":"220548","type":"journal_article","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2079-6439"]},"file":[{"access_level":"open_access","file_id":"5167","relation":"main_file","content_type":"application/pdf","file_size":21683743,"file_name":"_2024_Mpofu_Fibers12_97.pdf","date_created":"2024-12-06T13:14:09Z","creator":"aehrmann","date_updated":"2024-12-06T13:14:09Z","success":1}],"date_updated":"2026-03-17T15:29:14Z","publisher":"MDPI AG","citation":{"ama":"Mpofu NS, Topuz Y, Stepula E, et al. Influence of the PAN:PEO Ratio on the Morphology of Needleless Electrospun Nanofiber Mats Before and After Carbonization. <i>Fibers</i>. 2024;12(11). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12110097\">10.3390/fib12110097</a>","mla":"Mpofu, Nonsikelelo Sheron, et al. “Influence of the PAN:PEO Ratio on the Morphology of Needleless Electrospun Nanofiber Mats Before and After Carbonization.” <i>Fibers</i>, vol. 12, no. 11, 97, MDPI AG, 2024, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12110097\">10.3390/fib12110097</a>.","short":"N.S. Mpofu, Y. Topuz, E. Stepula, U. Güth, T. Grothe, J.L. Storck, M. Wortmann, B. Mahltig, A. Ehrmann, Fibers 12 (2024).","chicago":"Mpofu, Nonsikelelo Sheron, Yusuf Topuz, Elzbieta Stepula, Uwe Güth, Timo Grothe, Jan Lukas Storck, Martin Wortmann, Boris Mahltig, and Andrea Ehrmann. “Influence of the PAN:PEO Ratio on the Morphology of Needleless Electrospun Nanofiber Mats Before and After Carbonization.” <i>Fibers</i> 12, no. 11 (2024). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12110097\">https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12110097</a>.","apa":"Mpofu, N. S., Topuz, Y., Stepula, E., Güth, U., Grothe, T., Storck, J. L., … Ehrmann, A. (2024). Influence of the PAN:PEO Ratio on the Morphology of Needleless Electrospun Nanofiber Mats Before and After Carbonization. <i>Fibers</i>, <i>12</i>(11). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12110097\">https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12110097</a>","bibtex":"@article{Mpofu_Topuz_Stepula_Güth_Grothe_Storck_Wortmann_Mahltig_Ehrmann_2024, title={Influence of the PAN:PEO Ratio on the Morphology of Needleless Electrospun Nanofiber Mats Before and After Carbonization}, volume={12}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12110097\">10.3390/fib12110097</a>}, number={1197}, journal={Fibers}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Mpofu, Nonsikelelo Sheron and Topuz, Yusuf and Stepula, Elzbieta and Güth, Uwe and Grothe, Timo and Storck, Jan Lukas and Wortmann, Martin and Mahltig, Boris and Ehrmann, Andrea}, year={2024} }","alphadin":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\"><span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Mpofu, Nonsikelelo Sheron</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Topuz, Yusuf</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Stepula, Elzbieta</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Güth, Uwe</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Grothe, Timo</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Storck, Jan Lukas</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Wortmann, Martin</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Mahltig, Boris</span> ; u. a.</span>: Influence of the PAN:PEO Ratio on the Morphology of Needleless Electrospun Nanofiber Mats Before and After Carbonization. In: <i>Fibers</i> Bd. 12, MDPI AG (2024), Nr. 11","ieee":"N. S. Mpofu <i>et al.</i>, “Influence of the PAN:PEO Ratio on the Morphology of Needleless Electrospun Nanofiber Mats Before and After Carbonization,” <i>Fibers</i>, vol. 12, no. 11, 2024."},"author":[{"first_name":"Nonsikelelo Sheron","full_name":"Mpofu, Nonsikelelo Sheron","last_name":"Mpofu"},{"full_name":"Topuz, Yusuf","last_name":"Topuz","first_name":"Yusuf"},{"first_name":"Elzbieta","id":"256452","last_name":"Stepula","full_name":"Stepula, Elzbieta"},{"first_name":"Uwe","full_name":"Güth, Uwe","last_name":"Güth"},{"first_name":"Timo","orcid_put_code_url":"https://api.orcid.org/v2.0/0000-0002-9099-4277/work/173251082","id":"221330","orcid":"0000-0002-9099-4277","full_name":"Grothe, Timo","last_name":"Grothe"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-6841-8791","full_name":"Storck, Jan Lukas","last_name":"Storck","first_name":"Jan Lukas","id":"221157","orcid_put_code_url":"https://api.orcid.org/v2.0/0000-0002-6841-8791/work/173251084"},{"first_name":"Martin","full_name":"Wortmann, Martin","last_name":"Wortmann"},{"first_name":"Boris","full_name":"Mahltig, Boris","last_name":"Mahltig"},{"id":"223776","orcid_put_code_url":"https://api.orcid.org/v2.0/0000-0003-0695-3905/work/173251085","first_name":"Andrea","last_name":"Ehrmann","full_name":"Ehrmann, Andrea","orcid":"0000-0003-0695-3905"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"_id":"5166","article_type":"original","keyword":["porosity","stabilization","carbonization","polymer blend","nanofiber mat","nanofibrous membrane"],"urn":"urn:nbn:de:hbz:bi10-51666","publication_status":"published","issue":"11","alternative_id":["5410"],"has_accepted_license":"1","tmp":{"short":"CC BY (4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png"},"project":[{"name":"Institut für Technische Energie-Systeme","_id":"0ec202b7-cd76-11ed-89f4-a9e1a6dbdaa7"}],"oa":"1"}]