---
res:
  bibo_abstract:
  - Biosensors have a recognition element that detects a bioanalyte as well as a transducer
    that transfers the measured physicochemical properties into an electric signal,
    which is amplified, processed, and depicted on a user interface and usually stored
    in a data storage system. Such biosensors can be used in a broad range of applications,
    from personalized medicine to drug discovery, and from food safety to plant disease
    diagnosis. Portable biosensors are often based on microfluidic systems or micro-electromechanical
    systems (MEMS), measuring physical or chemical parameters. In spite of their importance
    for diverse applications, there are still several limits regarding the portability
    of biosensors, which is often necessary. Besides the required miniaturization
    of the components and the limited lifetime of some biological reagents, sample
    preparation and handling can be problematic. This review gives an overview of
    recent biosensor research, concentrating on optical measurements, and shows the
    possibilities and limits of the biosensors developed during the last few years.@eng
  bibo_authorlist:
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Tomasz
      foaf_name: Blachowicz, Tomasz
      foaf_surname: Blachowicz
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Guido
      foaf_name: Ehrmann, Guido
      foaf_surname: Ehrmann
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Elzbieta
      foaf_name: Stepula, Elzbieta
      foaf_surname: Stepula
      foaf_workInfoHomepage: http://www.librecat.org/personId=256452
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Andrea
      foaf_name: Ehrmann, Andrea
      foaf_surname: Ehrmann
      foaf_workInfoHomepage: http://www.librecat.org/personId=223776
    orcid: 0000-0003-0695-3905
    orcid_put_code_url: https://api.orcid.org/v2.0/0000-0003-0695-3905/work/214151803
  bibo_doi: 10.3390/mi17050579
  bibo_issue: '5'
  bibo_volume: 17
  dct_date: 2026^xs_gYear
  dct_isPartOf:
  - http://id.crossref.org/issn/2072-666X
  dct_language: eng
  dct_publisher: MDPI AG@
  dct_subject:
  - portable biosensors
  - point-of-care diagnosis
  - optical sensors
  - microfluidics
  dct_title: Optical Biosensors—Principles of Operation and Applications@
...