---
_id: '7188'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Birefringence describes the optical properties of optically anisotropic or
    chiral materials. As linear birefringence is a measure of anisotropy in the structure
    of a glass or a polymer, stress induced in glasses or polymers can be measured
    by stress birefringence. Interestingly, this effect can also be found in 3D-printed
    materials, such as fused filament fabrication (FFF)- or stereolithography (SLA)-printed
    objects, for some materials or material blends. Here, we report birefringence
    measurements on 3D-printed translucent objects, performed using a microscope with
    crossed polarizers as well as large-scale crossed polarizers, and show visual
    differences between macroscopic and microscopic effects.
author:
- first_name: Johannes
  full_name: Fiedler, Johannes
  last_name: Fiedler
- first_name: Tomasz
  full_name: Blachowicz, Tomasz
  last_name: Blachowicz
- first_name: Andrea
  full_name: Ehrmann, Andrea
  id: '223776'
  last_name: Ehrmann
  orcid: 0000-0003-0695-3905
  orcid_put_code_url: https://api.orcid.org/v2.0/0000-0003-0695-3905/work/228416699
citation:
  alphadin: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Fiedler, Johannes</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Blachowicz, Tomasz</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ehrmann,
    Andrea</span>: Birefringent Properties of 3D-Printed Polymers. In: <i>ICNDT 2026</i>.
    Bd. 156. Basel Switzerland : MDPI, 2026, S. 3'
  ama: 'Fiedler J, Blachowicz T, Ehrmann A. Birefringent Properties of 3D-Printed
    Polymers. In: <i>ICNDT 2026</i>. Vol 156. Basel Switzerland: MDPI; 2026:3. doi:<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026156003">10.3390/engproc2026156003</a>'
  apa: 'Fiedler, J., Blachowicz, T., &#38; Ehrmann, A. (2026). Birefringent Properties
    of 3D-Printed Polymers. In <i>ICNDT 2026</i> (Vol. 156, p. 3). Basel Switzerland:
    MDPI. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026156003">https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026156003</a>'
  bibtex: '@inproceedings{Fiedler_Blachowicz_Ehrmann_2026, place={Basel Switzerland},
    title={Birefringent Properties of 3D-Printed Polymers}, volume={156}, DOI={<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026156003">10.3390/engproc2026156003</a>},
    number={1}, booktitle={ICNDT 2026}, publisher={MDPI}, author={Fiedler, Johannes
    and Blachowicz, Tomasz and Ehrmann, Andrea}, year={2026}, pages={3} }'
  chicago: 'Fiedler, Johannes, Tomasz Blachowicz, and Andrea Ehrmann. “Birefringent
    Properties of 3D-Printed Polymers.” In <i>ICNDT 2026</i>, 156:3. Basel Switzerland:
    MDPI, 2026. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026156003">https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026156003</a>.'
  ieee: J. Fiedler, T. Blachowicz, and A. Ehrmann, “Birefringent Properties of 3D-Printed
    Polymers,” in <i>ICNDT 2026</i>, 2026, vol. 156, no. 1, p. 3.
  mla: Fiedler, Johannes, et al. “Birefringent Properties of 3D-Printed Polymers.”
    <i>ICNDT 2026</i>, vol. 156, no. 1, MDPI, 2026, p. 3, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026156003">10.3390/engproc2026156003</a>.
  short: 'J. Fiedler, T. Blachowicz, A. Ehrmann, in: ICNDT 2026, MDPI, Basel Switzerland,
    2026, p. 3.'
conference:
  name: ICNDT 2026
date_created: 2026-10-01T11:27:16Z
date_updated: 2026-10-01T11:27:21Z
doi: 10.3390/engproc2026156003
file:
- access_level: open_access
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: aehrmann
  date_created: 2026-10-01T11:26:42Z
  date_updated: 2026-10-01T11:26:42Z
  file_id: '7189'
  file_name: _2026_Fiedler_Engproc156_3.pdf
  file_size: 17390831
  relation: main_file
  success: 1
file_date_updated: 2026-10-01T11:26:42Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '       156'
issue: '1'
keyword:
- linear birefringence
- 3D printing
- fused filament fabrication (FFF)
- stereolithography (SLA)
- crossed polarizers
language:
- iso: eng
oa: '1'
page: '3'
place: Basel Switzerland
project:
- _id: 0ec202b7-cd76-11ed-89f4-a9e1a6dbdaa7
  name: Institut für Technische Energie-Systeme
publication: ICNDT 2026
publication_status: published
publisher: MDPI
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Birefringent Properties of 3D-Printed Polymers
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: conference
urn: urn:nbn:de:hbz:bi10-71885
user_id: '223776'
volume: 156
year: '2026'
...